Southern Methodist University Admissions Essay Topics

Southern Methodist University Admissions Essay TopicsSouthern Methodist University is a Christian university that is one of the best colleges in the United States. The school is great, and it has some really cool courses for those who want to get a degree from this school.Unfortunately, these same students who would like to attend the school also tend to take a lot of courses that are not really very interesting. This is especially true with the seminars and electives that they take. It is important for prospective students to look at the school's offerings and pick courses that will be valuable and helpful to them.It is important to choose some of the courses that many other students take. Many of the schools require their students to take a lot of courses that are also popular and accepted by others. This makes these classes worth taking. If the students took them, then there is a good chance that their grades would improve.Students should also consider if they need to take any phi losophy courses at all at Southern Methodist University. In particular, students should check out the works of Carl Trueman. He has helped many students who want to attend the school to find the course that will be best for them. It is very likely that these students would benefit from his insights.When deciding which philosophy courses to take, students should check out the philosophy courses offered at the school as well. A lot of students who want to attend the school also take courses that are recommended by the philosophy department at the school. Students should consider what these courses are worth taking if they are interested in pursuing a degree at the school.When deciding which philosophy courses to take at Southern Methodist, students should consider the specific area of study that they want to pursue. Some students want to major in philosophy. Some students want to pursue an MA in philosophy. In either case, these students will want to take courses in the area of their interest.There are also courses that students can take on a certain topic. These courses have an experimental format that enables students to try out different approaches to a topic. These courses often allow students to learn about new approaches and see how they will affect a topic.

The Importance of Sit-Ins to the Black Civil Rights...

Civil disobedience was key in the pursuit of equality for African Americans during the Civil Rights Movement. Through forms of peaceful protest, African Americans were able to bring to light the socio-economic inequalities they faced and forced the government and general public to do something about it. Sit-ins, one method of practicing civil disobedience, took root in the early 1960s and quickly became a popular and effective form of peaceful protest. James Baldwin makes a very brief note of sit-ins in his essay â€Å"Down at the Cross†. Its brief mention is probably due to the time at which the essay was written, just before sit-ins became a national phenomenon. At first glance, one may think that Baldwin doesn‘t think†¦show more content†¦The popularity of sit-ins can be reflected in the involvement of the N.A.A.C.P. (The National Association of the Advancement of Colored People). An article published by the New York Times talks about planned demonst rations that will occur in New York City which will be headed by the N.A.A.C.P (Robinson 54). This example shows how large the movement had become by summer 1961 because a nationally recognized organization was already actively involved in demonstrating. Another article, printed in late 1961, reports that the national director of the Congress of Racial Equality would begin planned sit-ins nation wide, with a focus in the South and the Midwest (â€Å"Negroes to Broaden† 18). This again proves how effective sit-ins were because a nationally recognized organization was taking the movement and organizing a nation wide effort to end discrimination. Apparently, the sit-in movement was a great success and could not have come at a better time. For Baldwin to not mention or give sufficient credit to the movement is something that must be examined. However, instead of focusing on why Baldwin didn’t include the movement in his essay, it is more reasonable to examine how the sit-ins are connected to Baldwin’s calling for an immediate rise to action and to other things that are found within his essay. It is made very clear by Baldwin that violence is something that must not be used when he says â€Å"I am very much concerned that AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Movement Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagessupport of the movement for African American civil rights. Many strides were made for racial equality in the United States. However, while changes were made, they did take a considerable amount of time to achieve. This made some leaders of the civil rights movement frustrated and caused them to divert from their original goal of integration. They instead strove for black separatism where blacks and whites would live segregated. The civil rights movement started in 1955Read MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. And Congressman John Lewis Essay1596 Words   |  7 PagesKing, Jr. and Congressman John Lewis are arguably two of the most important men in the Civil Rights Movement. Both of these men, Dr. Martin Luther King, in context of his involvement with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and John Lewis, in context of his involvement with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, left indelible impacts on the trajectory and success of the civil rights movement writ-large. While it is important to recognize the collective achievement of each of theseRead MoreMartin Luther King And The Civil Rights Movement979 Words   |  4 Pagescontributions to the Civil Rights Movement and the legitimacy of his leadership. While King is traditionally presented as a leader of the movement, Ella Baker, an African American Civil Rights activists, questions this convention and claims â€Å"the [Civil Rights] movement made Martin.à ¢â‚¬  Furthermore, often portrayed as the decisive factor of social change, King’s leadership and significance in the Civil Rights Movement is largely overemphasized and his exaggerated historical importance, detracts from theRead More The Civil Rights Movement Essay1071 Words   |  5 Pageslight can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. - - Martin Luther King, Jr. The Civil rights Movement helped people realize how powerful their voice can be, which changed America completely. One of those people who had a powerful voice was Martin Luther King, Jr. He was an inspiring and influential leader of the Civil Rights Movement. The quote above is just one of many inspirational comments made by Martin Luther King. The peaceful protests against racismRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesabout the same time that civil rights came into the political scene. Throughout the South, Blacks were still in the majority, but had no political power what so ever. The Civil Rights Movement gave African Americans a voice and a chance to make a difference. The 1960s helped open up hope and expectations for Black Americans. One of the most prominent men of his time, Martin Luther King Jr. was known as ?A national hero and a civil rights figure of growing importance? (Discovering 1). ?MartinRead MoreComing Of Age By Anne Moody1536 Words   |  7 Pagesin the state of Mississippi. Anne Moody, writer of the autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi explains the importance of the civil rights movement in the state of Mississippi and the influence it had on her life and her viewpoint. Growing up as a poor African American in Mississippi was not always an easy, especially in the 1960’s. It was a time where everyone was segregated. Blacks and whites were treated completely different. They weren’t allowed to eat at the same restaurants, go into theRead MoreRosa Parks803 Words   |  4 PagesRosa Parks the importance of them becoming invoved in the movement Hypothesis: * was an African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress called the first lady of civil rights, and the mother of the freedom movement * Parks act of defiance became an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and Parks became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation * On December 1, 1955, forty-three year old Rosa Parks boarded a Montgomery, Alabama cityRead MoreThe Cold War Between Communism And Communism1382 Words   |  6 Pagesequality, civil rights, and the freedom to the world, and hoped to build an easier world for democracy and capitalism. However, Soviet Union, which was the only power that could rival the United States, claimed that communism could make the world more organized and ordered. Both countries hoped to expend their influences around the world, and their confliction generally turned to be a cold war, in other words, a battle between Capitalism and Communism. The cold war coincided with the civil rights movementRead MoreWhy We Can t Wait By Martin Luther King, Jr.994 Words   |  4 PagesIn the narrative Why We Can’t Wait by Martin Luther King, Jr., published in 1964, King describes the struggles African Americans faced to receive equal rights. During the 1960s the Civil Rights movement was in full swing. The yea r 1963 is referred to as the beginning of the â€Å"Negro Revolution†. In the introduction of this narrative King compares the lives of two African American children. By using one child from Harlem, New York and one from Birmingham, Alabama, King explains how they faced similarRead MoreJfk, Martin Luther King, and Malcolm X722 Words   |  3 Pagesthe USSR and improving civil rights in the US. He is seen as one of the greatest presidents America has ever had. The speaker of the second speech is Martin Luther King, and he is probably the most famous person associated with the civil rights movement. The speaker of the last speech is Malcolm X, who was another prominent figure during the Civil Rights era. Malcolm X gave an alternative view to the movement, where he advocated for the establishment of a separate black community (instead of

The Effects Of Global Climate Change On The World

The effects of global climate change are everywhere from major cities to the under populated arctics. Most people just call it global warming, but it is not. By calling it global warming people are assuming that everywhere in the world, temperatures are rising and that it will be hotter all year long, but this is not the case. This is why the scientific community calls it global climate change, because it can be hotter in the Summer time and colder in the Winter time. Global climate change occurs naturally over the Earth’s life cycle, hence ice ages, but due to humans after the post industrial period in the past 200 years, the speed of the change has been dramatically accelerated. Global climate change is mostly caused by humans polluting the atmosphere with carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases, which are gases that absorb heat. Humans are putting greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by the use of automobiles, power plants, and factories. The effects of global cli mate change affect everyone and everything. One example of this is polar bears; the polar bear’s habitat in the arctic is melting away, as their ice melts the sea levels will rise putting cities like Norfolk and New York under water. Global climate change, is accelerated by humans,and its impacts can be felt on a global level but can be lessened with changes to everyday life. Over the last 650,000 years the Earth’s climate has been through about seven ice ages(â€Å"Climate change: How do we know†). TheShow MoreRelatedGlobal Climate Change Causes And Effects On The Environment And The World s Oceans916 Words   |  4 Pagesknow about global climate change? Do you think we create this problem in the twentieth-first century to damage our planet. This problem started at the beginning of civilization and became worse during the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. Older generations generated more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. More carbon dioxide had a negative impact on the ecosystems of the planet. And the scientific definition of global climate representsRead MoreEssay about The Effects of CO2 in Climate Change1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe topic of climate change, it is essential to begin with a brief definition of climate change to know exactly what it is. Anup Shah of gl obalissues.org defines climate change as â€Å"an increase in average global temperatures†¦caused by the increase in greenhouse gasses such as Carbon Dioxide, or CO2† (Shah, 2014). This process, of course, is global warming which, in turn, leads to climate change. Although climate change is considered one of the most significant threats facing the world today, thereRead MoreEnvironmental Case Analysis: the Risks of Global Climate Change1185 Words   |  5 PagesEnvironmental Case Analysis: The Risks of Global Climate Change Introduction The natural world seems to be deteriorating around us, and it seems to be our fault. We are uncertain about the extent of the deterioration, the means that would reverse it, and the prospects for human life in the future (Newton, Dillingham, Choly, 2006, p. x). The environment and its protection is an extremely serious issue. Many environmental issues exist including endangered species, waste pollution, over populationRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Planet s Ecosystem1173 Words   |  5 PagesMother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorbs thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface, some of it is released into space, some is absorbedRead MoreThe Issue Of Global Warming1338 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past years, the controversial issue of global warming has been primarily brought to the attention of the public. Global warming is generally assumed to be the main cause of rising average global temperature. The climate on the Earth is changing and there is no big surprise. It is believed that global warming is caused by many natural and manmade activities, which is affecting the planet by the seconds, minutes, hours, days, and years. Many may not even care about this serious issue, butRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth1587 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal climate change is having disastrous effects on the planet and it is too late to change many of these impacts. However, there are some that can be limited by changes humans make in their daily lives. There is scientific evidence that shows how global warming is impacting the Earth. One example is how the global temperature h as risen a few tenths of a degree (Sandor 2004). This may not sound like much but it can have huge effects on the plant life, like trees blooming earlier which in returnRead MoreClimate Change Is Defined By Dictionary.com As A Long Term Change1750 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 2016 Climate Change Climate change is defined by Dictionary.com as â€Å"A long-term change in the earth’s climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature† (â€Å"The Definition of Climate Change†). Climate change can be separated into four categories which are: evidences, causes, effects, and solutions. These categories help to find out what climate change is and how we can stop it. There are many questions that arise when talking about climate change, and oneRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1630 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Related Threats Global warming will lead to uncontrollable devastation such as famine, war, and economic instability. Climate change will accelerate the dislocation of hundreds of millions of people and the extinction of many species. The negative effects of climate change are obvious on every continent. Professor Le Quere, director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research at the University of East Anglia said, The human influence on climate change is clear. The atmosphere andRead MoreWhat Role Has Human Activity Played in Causing Climate Change?678 Words   |  3 PagesThe change in global climate is the most powerful problem that currently occurs on the earth. The problems of climate change may be caused by both of human activities and natural events. Climate change is the changes that affect the world’s weather, including shifts in temperature, ocean level, land, and precipitation. The climate change phenomenon can affect everything in the world not only natural environment, b ut also human society, and the world economy. This essay aims to evaluate the role ofRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is one of the vigorously discussed topic on Earth today. According to a TechMedia Network, â€Å"Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate.† (â€Å"Global Warming †¦ Effects†). We have been witnessing the change in Earth’s climate since past few years, and we are well aware of the consequences of climate change as well. Global warming

The Importance Of Teaching Critical Thinking Skills

variety in the presentation of lessons. It also lends itself well to preparing for mandated testing. TEACHING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN THE CLASSROOM 3 Teaching Critical-Thinking Skills in the Classroom When a person speaks of being â€Å"critical† today, it is often thought of as a negative thing. What many people don’t realize is that thinking critically is how we determine right from wrong, or something as simple as which fruit to purchase at the supermarket. We draw upon what we know and compare that to what is in order to make a decision. Students often lack critical-thinking skills and generally avoid having to do any â€Å"hard† thinking. We, as teachers, must present them with opportunities to develop their critical-thinking skills, so that thinking critically will become second nature to each student. One of the primary goals of the concept attainment strategy of teaching is to improve students’ critical-thinking skills. The concept attainment strategy asks students to draw on prior knowledge to make hypotheses about given sets of data (Eggers, Kauchak, 1996, p. 160). â€Å"The teacher tri es to get students to learn how to label, categorize, interpret data, explore relationships, identify critical relationships, make inferences, apply concepts, predict outcomes and explain reasoning† (â€Å"Concept attainment model,† 2015). The teacher will present the students with examples and non-examples of a concept and the students will make hypotheses as toShow MoreRelatedThe purpose of education is being debated for many years. Many ideas and theories have been1100 Words   |  5 Pagesspecific approaches in education. First one is the approach of teaching how to think and the other one is the approach of teaching what to think. In my opinion, education teach people how to think rather than what to think because this approach increases the awareness of questioning, improves thinking skills, enhances creativity and broadens humans point of view. Questioning is the fundamental component of the approach of teaching how to think and significantly improves mental developmentRead MoreEssay on Critical Thinking1261 Words   |  6 Pages The concepts of critical thinking and creative thinking are both gaining increasing importance in the world today. Critical thinking allows people to understand difficult concepts in a manner that is clearer and more defined. They can more readily understand those concepts if they employ critical thinking. In all portions of everyday life, a person is expected to make independent judgments. Those judgments are based on experience and knowledge. Without the ability to think critically, everyRead MoreThe Problem And It s Background Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesdecision making makes the teachers a good agent of learning to students and good decision making makes the teachers more effective in teaching-learning processes. We often think before we decide. Although in some cases, we make snap decisions maybe because of factors that affect our abilities to decide on a choice. Likewise, if we encountered a problem in teaching whereas the solution is a making a decision that can someh ow affect you and your students but because of a factor, like time constraintsRead MoreImproving Reading Comprehension and Critical Thinking Skills in Middle School Students1566 Words   |  7 Pagesand eighth grade reading classes can be taken as an elective class. I strongly feel that all students in middle school still need guidance and continuous practice with reading comprehension and critical thinking skills. Students who are beyond a sixth grade reading class are not getting these reading skills that can be applied in all other academic classes. As a teacher I can not change the fact that the school principal has decided that students in seventh and eighth grade are not required to takeRead MoreCritical Thinking And Teaching Methods1648 Words   |  7 Pages but rather accept it and move on. Critical thinking and efficient teaching methods have been suppressed in the current U.S. educational system, and the U.S. is suffering: once one of the front runners in education, th e U.S. has fallen to twenty-seventh place according to the 2012 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Ironically, the definition of critical thinking, an often-used pedagogical term, requires the process of critical thinking, criticism, and debate, as the definitionRead MoreReview Of Look At Your Fish 987 Words   |  4 PagesEducations role in developing creative and critical thinking places a valuable and beneficial skill for students thought process. Because of educations appreciation to teach on creativity and critical thinking, the three articles give you great examples and insight on critical thinking and creativity. In Laura Pappano’s test â€Å"Learning to Think Outside the Box†, she informs her audience that her main argument states that creativity and creative thinking can be very so taught, and colleges from allRead MoreCritical Thinking Application Essay example1049 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking Application Teaching higher order thinking skills is not a recent need. It is apparent that students, at all levels of education, are lagging in problem-solving and thinking skills. Fragmentation of thinking skills, however, may be the result of critical thinking courses and texts. Every course, especially in content subjects, students should be taught to think logically, analyze and compare, question and evaluate. Implications for Teaching Thinking must be practiced inRead MoreClassroom Is Not The Classroom Of Yesterday1050 Words   |  5 Pagesresponsibility to prepare students for the demands of an ever-changing world, through facilitating learning in a technology rich environment, where students and teachers don’t just learn about technology, they use it to achieve powerful learning and teaching and improve student learning outcomes. The challenge is to create engaging, supportive learning environments and opportunities that stimulate, extend and deepen student learning. These environments should incorporate seamless use of technologiesRead MoreCritical Thinking And Problem Solving Skills1648 Words   |  7 PagesCritical thinking and problem solving skills have epitomised education throughout history. As time has passed; the education system has become increasingly complex with the integration of learning theories, pedagogies, transformative learning spaces, behavioural management and most importantly; th e evolution and role of technology. Learners within the 21st Century are experiencing an education where they are taught to collaboratively communicate and construct new understandings, while acquiring higherRead MoreThe Components Of Critical Thinking1330 Words   |  6 Pages According to The Critical Thinking Community website, critical thinking is defined as the ability to consider and to analyze information in an unbiased manner in order to make decisions and judgments (2013). Critical thinking is important. Blooms Taxonomy breaks critical thinking as Evaluation Synthesis Analysis Application, Comprehension and Knowledge. The components of critical thinking are: the application of logic and accepted intellectual standards to reasoning; the ability to access and evaluate

Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay - 1150 Words

Diverse Nature of Psychology Jessica Champion PSY / 490 July 2, 2012 University of Phoenix Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology is a diverse area of study. Within this paper it will discuss the influence of diversity and it’s major concepts within psychology. It will also discuss subtopics within psychology, as well as how subtopics are identified, and applied to other disciplines within society. As well as, explain how these subtopics affect my personal theoretical perspective. Lastly, it will discuss how my contribution of studying psychology will benefit society within my area of profession in which I hope to achieve in my near future. Theorists influence of Diversity and Major concepts within Psychology Diversity has a†¦show more content†¦As follows’ psychological need has to do with an individual’s hunger, thirst and sex needs. Safety needs of an individual’s are based off of one’s protection, stability, and security. Next is the love and belongingness need, this has to do with loneliness, love, and belonging. Another need is esteem, every individual longs to have respect from others, as well as have self- respect. The last need is self -actualization which means to fulfill ones potentials. Herzberg theory of motivation differs a bit from Maslow’s. Herzberg’s theory was based off of one’s needs in a professional elements. Herzberg was trying to discover a theory that would avoid employees’ dissatisfaction and gains satisfaction within his or her work environment. So he came up with these six factors. The factors that lead to dissatisfaction are, salary, relationship with peers, company policy, work conditions, relationship with boss, and supervision. The factors that lead to satisfaction are growth, advancement, recognition, achievement, responsibility, and work itself (Herzberg, 1959). These are not separate from one another to gain satisfaction. However, without dissatisfaction to gain satisfaction there would be none at all. So in order to gain satisfaction ones psychosocial andShow MoreRelatedThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology When a person is asked about what psychology means, typically the first definition heard is human behavior and then usually the mind and brain are next. While those definitions are partially true, the field of psychology is essentially an umbrella term used to describe several different subdisciplines of psychology. Some subdisciplines focus on different aspects of a person such as cognition, motivation, behaviors, personality and other subdisciplines focus theRead MoreThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1157 Words   |  5 Pages The Diversity Nature of Psychology Anna Van Norton PSY/490 June 29, 2015 Dr. Edna Foster The Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology is a diverse area of study; it is not an easy task. The field of psychology is so diverse and is always changing and evolving. Because of the always expanding of nature, there is not just only one theory that can explain and answer all of the questions that are associated with psychology. Psychology has always been defined by its diversity. It is theRead MoreThe Diverse Nature Of Psychology1200 Words   |  5 Pages The Diverse Nature of Psychology Name Institution The Diverse Nature of Psychology Introduction Psychology consists of a wide collection of diverse concepts, which influence its precise nature that includes the study of behavior and mind in different organisms. Ideally, these organisms range from the most complex to the most primitive. In essence, diversity involves recognizing the variability of characteristics, which make people unique such as their physical appearance, partnered/maritalRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Essays919 Words   |  4 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology, though a young field, is a uniquely successful one, flourishing in the twentieth century through intellectual and social expansion (Darity, 2008). From its philosophical roots to its emergence as a scientific discipline, the field of psychology has been concerned with behavior and mental processes. By its very nature, the field is diverse encompassing many subdisciplines and areas. The American Psychological Association recognizes more than 50 differentRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper951 Words   |  4 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Sophia Martinez Psychology 490 Capstone Course in Psychology October 5, 2011 Giselle Gourrier, Ph.D. The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Psychology is a discipline that has extensive implications for other areas of science while simultaneously maintaining a narrow concern for the derivation of scientific knowledge about human and non-human behavior (Stanovich, 2010). This paper is concerned with the assessment of two sub-disciplines and sub-topicsRead MoreThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Essay examples1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology The American Psychological Association has identified 54 divisions within the field of psychology (Plante, 2011). Each division has stemmed from one of the seven major perspectives: psychodynamic, behavioral, humanistic, cognitive, sociocultural, biological, and evolutionary. This diversity within psychology, allows psychologists the ability to expand in all areas of explanation, assessment, and diagnoses, which furthers the science of psychology through many differentRead MoreThe Diver810 Words   |  4 Pagesse Nature of Psychology The Diverse Nature of Psychology Christine Woyner PSY 490 September 19, 2011 Edna Foster The Diverse Nature of Psychology The diverse nature of psychology begins with making a difference in a diverse setting. This involves the implementation of critical psychology concepts, subdisciplines and subtopics, motivation, behaviorism, and cognition. Moreover, these subdisciplines and subtopics may be applied to other disciplines in contemporary society. In additionRead MoreThe Study of Human Behavior in Given Situations1613 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a social science study that covers diverse subject topics and carries out different forms of research in order to understand the development and function of human beings. It is a scientific study that focuses on peoples mind and its functions especially those affecting behavior in a particular context. Psychology is divided into different branches, and each branch addresses its own form of content in relation to mental processes and behavior. Social psychology is one of the psychologyRead MoreAdolescent Psychology Essay 31067 Words   |  5 PagesQues tion: What Is Psychology? One of the most common questions asked by students new to the study of psychology is What is psychology? Misperceptions created by popular media as well as the diverse careers paths of those holding psychology degrees have contributed this confusion. Psychology is both an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Research in psychology seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion, and behavior. Applications of psychology include mentalRead MoreThe Founding Of The First Laboratory By Wilhelm Wundt Essay797 Words   |  4 Pagesof the first laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 began the fascination for psychological research. Psychology had not yet became a science until Wundt realized that human activities can be examined through careful observations, manipulations, descriptions, and control aimed at measuring/ predicting behavior. Early on psychology was about the study of behavior and mental processes. Today, psychology ranges from neural messages to cultural influences. Wundt adopted protocols from physiology and physics

Abusive Supervision on Employee Creativity †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about Abusive Supervision on Employee Creativitythe . Answer: Introduction: Leadership is not only the concept of leading but also contributing to the overall development of a particular organisation. Effective business leaders establish attainable objectives for their organisations. The setting up of the specific, measurable as well as realistic objectives is done by the leaders to focus on the production of results which lead to the long term success and sustainability. In this connection one of the most effective and thoughtful leaders who leads by example and has remained undeterred in majority of situations is Howard Schultz. Schultz was a visionary person and joined the company as a manager in Starbucks. His ideas as well as his love for coffee emerged as the top reasons which helped him lead the company to success and achievement (Northouse, 2015). Emotional intelligence is something which can negatively impact a particular workplace and in certain situations can lead to poor morale in case it is low. This is true in case of organisational leaders as well. It needs to be ensured that criticism, opinions and suggestions are taken positively and kept in mind for future consideration. The majority of all competencies which are determinants of high workplace performance are related to emotional intelligence. This is best represented by Howard Schultz of Starbucks as he has always shown his concern and emotional consideration towards his employees (Brunetto et al., 2012). Schultz has shown high degrees of emotional intelligence and he has been able to do that effectively by seeking alliances and the partnerships within the Starbucks Organisation. There have been very rare cases in which the capable CEO has thrived on adversity or has tried to obtain economic benefit from unethical channels. The instance most importantly where Schultz has shown a high degree of emotional intelligence is in the case of transformation of the status quo into a global brand which invincible in more than fifty countries. Schultz supported the employees of his organisation suffering from HIV showing aspects of social justice in the personality traits which he possessed. The emotional intelligence of Schultz was multifaceted. At the time of a financial slowdown in China, it triggered panic and also resulted in huge fiscal losses. The responsible CEO Schultz made sure that all the employees would be aware of the situation and encouraging memorandums were specially delivered to them in order to ask them to show special consideration for the consumers. As a proper analysis it can be said that reading the news and moving on for Schultz would have been easy and he could easily have let go of the opportunity to exert any positive influence on his employees. However he chose to inspire the people of his organisation to improve their overall service to their customers on a particularly depressing day. The management of the responsibilities by Schultz was extremely dignifying and praiseworthy. Due to the initiatives taken by Schultz in the leadership context his relationship with the employees is extremely positive. The employees look up to Schultz and consider him to be one of the torch bearers of leadership. The positive aspects of leadership of Schultz are responsible for the success of the company. The majority of the problems in the organisation is stemmed from its own reasons for it success. Tremendous amount of energy was spend by Schultz on the growth and the development which led to his ignorance of overseeing and maintaining majority of the elements that made Starbucks successful in the first place. This is the problem which was faced in Starbucks. Schultz had explained that there was a moment when the stock had dropped and Starbucks stores were also failing due to problems of cannibalization from other Starbucks stores. The Private email which was send by him was leaked and led to a firestorm of media attention (Cavazotte, Moreno Hickmann, 2012). All of a sudden it was realised that the Starbucks organisation had become a soulless corporation which was actually motivated by the bottom line rather than providing a quality product and also an experience. At this time the plans of Howard Schultz to turn the company around did not receive much attention in comparison to wha tever had gone wrong. There also have been instances though very few where Schultz showed certain dark sides of leadership and at certain times there was also the inclination of Schultz towards politics. Therefore it so happened that when the company needed support, the requisite amount was not given by Schultz. However, Schultz has never been a stranger to failure and always possessed a healthy respect throughout his tenure. He always believed in celebrating, in learning and in not getting carried away by mistakes. Schultz internalised his failures and also utilized his lessons learned in order to emerge stronger and even more successful in the long run. Thus it is clearly understood from the proper study of Starbucks, that Howard Schultz is a CEO to reckon with. His leadership and his willingness to help employees contributes to the overall wellbeing of the organisation. The style of Schultz revolves around the motivation and inspiration of his followers. He allowed encouraged and sought feedback as well advice from his employees always giving effort from his own side. Considerable power was given by Schultz to his employees in decision making and also in the flexibility to choose own working hours. The ideals, goals and approach towards organisation employees can be described as the driving force to successful leadership. There is a bright and a dark side to everything including leadership. There might be cases when leaders are confused and uncertain of the connected between their leadership and performance. There needs to be a deeper knowledge of what is good or great leadership which is bound to enable them to breakthrough and be responsible for affecting the change in the team performance, organisational or company performance in the best way possible. Motivational strategy of leadership focuses on the creation of more leaders not merely followers. It is crucial for any organisation to have proper leaders where they can contribute to the overall success of the company by motivating their employees and their subordinates as well. There are different human needs. These can be categorised as physiological, safety, social, self-esteem and finally self actualization. Assisting an employee fulfil these needs motivates him to become a better worker. This motivation is important in the context of leadership because without proper guidance and leadership employees are bound to feel lost which can result in a disruptive and chaotic work environment. Without proper motivation the employees fail to work to the best of their ability. In case it is used effectively, the leadership and the motivational theories enable the leaders to lead employees and also the company towards success. The motivational communication that was put forward by Schultz was at the time when the Asian Market lost 1 trillion dollars. It impacted the losses on all the stock exchanges worldwide. The major companies CEOs ignored this news. It was however Howard Schultz who decided to send the employees a motivational letter based on the topic. This was due to the reason that he wanted to alleviate their concerns and also encourage them to show special consideration towards the customers. This was a famous topic on the social networking sites because of the fall of the Asian market. This led many people to reduce their investments or become concerned about the fail directly or indirectly affecting their business as well as their business and investment decisions. Total of around two lakh workers were aware of the situation. It was always Schultz priority to do as much as he could for his employees as they would do for him and his company. Doing the correct thing for the people and the communit ies which an organisation intends to serve is bound to ensure greater success for the company. In this particular case it is clear that the issue which had taken place could clearly have been neglected by Schultz and he could have easily assumed that the company employees would get to know on their own and that would not have been entirely wrong as well since it would be possible for the employees to check the social sites and devise their thought processes accordingly but in this case Schultz did not consider all these reasoning before sending the letter. This instance showed that he cared about his employees and was not solely a CEO or a person of authority but actually someone who cared (Choudhary, Akhtar Zaheer, 2013). It is necessary for a company to ensure that it has the right amount of employees and possesses right skills in the correct places at the right time. This has always been clearly understood by Schultz. It is the duty of the managers to make sure that the worldwide retail locations are staffed with the correct and capable employees (Fioravante, 2013). In this connection it can be said that employee motivation has far reaching effects and influences employee performance majorly. There should be employee motivation in proper measure in order to drive revenue. One of the most important effects of employee motivation is that of job satisfaction which is true and very much applicable in the case of Howard Schultz motivation. The employees feel valued and hence their interest in work either remains intact or increases. The positional success reasons should be clearly mentioned to the employees and then he or she is bound to remain connected with the cause and the mission of the organisation. Another impact that the employee motivation has is in their performance towards the organisation. In case an employee is acknowledged for his customer service and his dedication towards work and the handling of work, the significance will be understood by him clearly. In case negative impacts of motivation are also taken into consideration, the employee is bound to take that into consideration as well. In the case which had been mentioned above, Howard Schultz took an issue which was somewhat unrelated issue to motivate his employees. This proved to be beneficial for him as well as the organisation as it put a proper message to the employees. This considerate action of the CEO clearly showed that only organisational matters were not the driving force behind his motivation but he actually cared about the employees who worked for him. This went a long way in making the employees of the entire organisation realise the calibre as well as the emotional connect of Schultz towards his company which made them respect him even more. Every employee is given a say in the Starbucks Company and this helps them become aware of their importance and indispensability towards the company. It is evident from the fact that Schultz gave importance to all the employees equally as he sent the motivational mail to all the employees. The impartial attitude of Schultz in this respect went a long way in securing the loyalty of the employees of his organisation. There was no dishonesty in the claims which were made by Schultz and hence it was necessary to understand that the perception of honest claims and promises was maintained in the organisation. This was important as employees are bound to relate to a positive self image. Wrong motivation is bound to get on the nerves of the employees and this is bound to negatively impact them as they might even feel that they are better off outside the organisation. In this connection it can be finally concluded that there are certain things which go a long way in assisting individuals maintain a legacy of positivity and allegiance towards the organisation. The employees who are motivated can easily go the extra mile to work for their company not only to prove their own worth but also to make an invaluable contribution towards the success of the company and its corporate invincibility and brilliance. The article which is to be analysed is Servant Leadership as a framework for organisational change, International Leadership Journal, vol. 8, no.1, pp. 27-41. This basically focuses on the servant leadership as an ideal leadership approach for introducing and also implementing organisational change. The servant leader is basically someone who believes in giving primary importance to the individuals who serve the company. The person is basically someone who gives immense amount of care to the priorities and needs of the others. Servant leaders focus primarily on the growth and also the well being of the people and the communities to which they belong. The servant-leader shares powers, puts the needs of the others first and helps people develop and perform to the best of their abilities as much as possible (Baldomir Hood, 2016, pp. 27-28). The article discusses that the change is one of the key aspects of any organisation. A successful approach comprises the leaders realising the need for each of the members of the organisation to be a part of the change of the organisation which they want to see and which they work towards. In this particular study servant leadership is basically discussed as a model for effective leadership and successful organisational change. There are certain characteristics and types of servant leadership which are mentioned in terms of the factors. These include altruistic calling, emotional healing, wisdom, the persuasive mapping and also organisational leadership. Altruistic calling refers to the wish to bring about a positive change in the lives of the people who look up to the people as leaders. Emotional healing is defined as the ability and willingness to be of help to those people who are facing moments of trauma or emotional stress. These situations are extremely important in this case. The wisdom is basically the ability to be aware of all the happenings and also make sound judgements after a proper study and proper thought regarding all the possible outcomes (Baldomir Hood, 2016, pp. 29-31). Persuasive mapping is also very important and is a fundamental skill in the organisational scenario. It is possible for the servant leaders to convince their followers to understand the importance of their contribution so that they can work for more hours in order to bring about more and more possibilities to the employers (Peterson, Galvin Lange, 2012). Organisational stewardship is willingness to be accountable for any sort of change or the overall well being of the organisation. Servant leadership covers all these aspects of being concerned towards the welfare of the organisation. In this connection the emotional intelligence has a lot of significance. Emotional intelligence is basically rooted in the social intelligence. It is crucial because the role of EI in the workplace is based on the influence of the output, the knowledge as well as the ability to manage the elements which are associated with work life. It is clear that the dimensions of emotional intelligence in the work setting are involved with the self-awareness, motivation, self management, social awareness and also the relationship management. Emotional intelligence plays a crucial role in types of servant leadership during the organisational change as it allows the employees to work with a proper vision and also gives them the added push to perform even better than they already are. There are often issues such as the lack of focus on the important work aspects as well as company objectives during times of change. Thus it necessary to maintain proper focus on the followers and ensure that the employees do not lose their vision at the time the organisation is facing an upheaval. The approach of servant leadership aims to reduce the stress on the followers during the process of change. The servant leadership theory leads to the fact that the altruistic calling is the major force behind the necessary changes. A leader who is genuinely concerned is aware that problems might arise in case of an organisation especially in times of change (Baldomir Hood, 2016, pp. 32-33). Wisdom is also utilised by the servant at the time of problems within an organisation or outside it depending on the kind of change which is being faced. Just as there are dark sides of leadership or roles of authority, there is an existent dark side to servant leadership as well. There are problems which arise at the time of organisational change and at times when there are several new or fundamental issues in the company. The most common problem is the lack or the non-existence of authority. In case a person on top always strives to meet the needs of his subordinates and understand their situations there is the possibility of the employees abusing that power and the leader might lose his or her importance. Servant leadership is only effective when considered for the correct kind of people. In case a person of authority loses his or her importance and his or her significance is misused, the person loses the actual right of his position and subsequently there is the chance of his dec isions being completely disregarded in the future. This ultimately affects the fate of the organisation (Baldomir Hood, 2016, pp. 32-35). As is evident from the article, it can be clearly stated that servant leadership is a very important and crucial factor for organisational change more so when the organisation comprises the right kind of people. It is so because sacrifices made for the right kind of people have a proper importance and this is useful and essential for the growth of the organisation as a whole. The role of the leader is undoubtedly important as the leader is someone who leads from the front and constantly works towards the betterment of the organisation always keeping the employees in his stride. References: Baldomir, J., Hood, J. P. (2016). Servant Leadership as a Framework for Organizational Change.International Leadership Journal,8(1). Brunetto, Y., Teo, S. T., Shacklock, K., Farr?Wharton, R. (2012). Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, well?being and engagement: explaining organisational commitment and turnover intentions in policing.Human Resource Management Journal,22(4), 428-441. Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V., Hickmann, M. (2012). Effects of leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance.The Leadership Quarterly,23(3), 443-455. Choudhary, A. I., Akhtar, S. A., Zaheer, A. (2013). Impact of transformational and servant leadership on organizational performance: A comparative analysis.Journal of Business Ethics,116(2), 433-440. Fioravante, P. L. (2013). An effective leadership revelation-blending dark side and positivist traits.The Journal of Applied Business and Economics,15(1), 107. Haynes, K. T., Hitt, M. A., Campbell, J. T. (2015). The dark side of leadership: Towards a mid?range theory of hubris and greed in entrepreneurial contexts.Journal of Management Studies,52(4), 479-505. Liu, D., Liao, H., Loi, R. (2012). The dark side of leadership: A three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity.Academy of Management Journal,55(5), 1187-1212. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Peterson, S. J., Galvin, B. M., Lange, D. (2012). CEO servant leadership: Exploring executive characteristics and firm performance.Personnel Psychology,65(3), 565-596. Yoshida, D. T., Sendjaya, S., Hirst, G., Cooper, B. (2014). Does servant leadership foster creativity and innovation? A multi-level mediation study of identification and prototypicality.Journal of Business Research,67(7), 1395-1404.

Effects of Ganges Treaty on Bangladeshn free essay sample

EFFECT OF GANGES WATER SHARING TREATY ON BANGLADESH ECONOMY AND REGIONAL RELATIONSHIP Introduction 1. The Ganges water sharing problem is not only the longest standing source of dispute between Bangladesh and India but also by now one of the most elaborately studied subjects in inter state relations in South Asia. The flow of the Ganges water stands 7000 waters above the sea level at its points of origin in Nepal and traverse for about 2550 kms through Nepal, India and Bangladesh before falling in the Bay of Bengal. The main stream of Ganges splits into two channels before entering into Bangladesh, one flowing as Bhagirathi-Hoogli into West Bengal and the other as Padma into Bangladesh. The Ganges water dispute centres around the Barrage and the feeder canal constructed by India at Farakka, 18 kms upstream from Bangladesh. The Barrage is designed to divert part of Ganges dry season flow through the Hoogli-Bhagirathi river for flushing the silt in Calcutta port. The impact of the Ganges water i. e. the adverse affect of the Barrage on Bangladesh is enormous and multidimensional. These have been several short term sharing agreements; the first one was worked out in 1977 and the land one ram out in 1989. Since them there was a total vacuum in the arrangement. The Governments of Bangladesh endeavored to their utmost to solve the issue. However, amidst of all efforts, due to 1 the unilateral apothegm withdrawal of water by India the agro-economic condition of Bangladesh aggravated to the maximum. And thus, a long term water sharing treaty has been in all aspect a need of the time. 2. The Ganges water sharing treaty signed on December 12, 1996 is very significant. Infect it was a thorny issue in the relationship between the two countries. Since the commissioning of the Farakka Barrage in 1974, Bangladeshi agricultural, fishery, forestry, navigation, industry and every possible productive sector has been exposed to disastrous consequences. Historical balance has been servile disrupted by this substantial diversion of the Ganges flow during the dry season. Bangladesh proposed construction of the excess monsoon flow through storage in the Ganges basin in India and Nepal. India proposed instead transferring water from Brahmaputra river. Each side rejected the others proposal. The negotiations were then in a deadlock. The stalemate resulted from the two sides very different approach to water resources management. All on a sudden the bilateral relation improved with the change of government in Bangladesh. An the long term treaty signed on Ganges water sharing is a reflection of that relationship between Bangladesh and India. 3. One striking feature of the Ganges as a river is that its flow are highly seasonal, with heavy floods during the monsoon and actuate scarcity during the dry season. The presents treaty assures a limited water for the lower riparian Bangladesh. The questions that arise out of this are : a. How best we can utilize the water for our agro-economic development, b. What are the implication of the treaty on our national economy and regional relationship ? 4. This paper endeavors to bring answers to these questions. Aim 5. This paper aims to highlight the utility and impact of the Ganges water treaty signed on 12 Dec 96, on the economy of Bangladesh and her relationship with the regional countries. Adverse Effects of the Reduction of the Ganges Flow . Impact of reduction of the Ganges flow in various sectors are inter dependent and inter linked. Some of these are quantifiable while some other can only be qualitatively discussed. 7. Surface Water. Economic life of the south-west region of Bangladesh is dependent on the Ganges. Of its distributors, the Gorai plays the dominant role as it passes towards the industrial belt of Khulna. The sweet water supply through the Gorai is vital for-pushing back salinity and keeping an overall environmental balance. The distributor to also the source of potential irrigation development. The reduction of dry season (January May) natural flows in the Ganges in Bangladesh reduces the hydraulic efficiency of the channel. The flow situation became grave after expiry of the agreement in 1989 and continued unabated to date. 8. Ground Water. The fall of ground water about 10 feet has been observed in most of the wells along both the banks of the rivers the Ganges, the Mohananda and the Gorai-Modhumati from the prediversion normal level since 1976. Normal fall of ground water level and its fluctuations were observed to be maximum river the bank of the rivers. The quality of ground water has also deteriorated . River Morphology. Channel morphology to the Ganges and its distributors have also been affected since commissioning of the Farakka Barrage. A study of the longitudinal bed profile of the Ganges reverted the fact that the Bed of the Ganges has cited up substantially in the recent past comported to the pre-diversion period. This contributes to higher flood in the monsoo n months. 10. Navigation. A total of 685 km of water ways, which were navigable during pre-diversion time have been adversely affected during the past diversion period. The confluence of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra was affected by shoos. As a consequence, the BIWTA ferries are facing severe problems and dredging requirements have gone up. 11. Salinity. The most devastating effect of the division of the Ganges water has been caused by the marked increase in salinity, both in surfaces and ground water leading to higher sail salinity in the southwest region of Bangladesh. The major direct adverse effect of salinity is felt including agricultural production, fishery. forestry and power generation. In addition, and most significantly, such marked increase in salinity pace short and long term impacts on health, expected mortality rate and the eco-system as a whole. 2. Fishery. Reduction of wetlands have resulted in reduction in fish catch. But the most adversely affected fish are those which used to migrate upstream for breeding and spawning, Hilsha, which is an anadromous fish that requires fresh water flow, used to migrate upstream to spawn. As a result of the Barrage, this fish is no longer available in India and is in decline in Bangladesh. 13. Domestic, Municipal Water Supply and Public Health. The Ganges rivers is the main sources of domestic and municipal water supplies to the Ganges dependent area in Bangladesh. Due to drastic reduction of surfaces water the people have been totally dependent of the ground water. But the availability and the quality of the ground water have become constrained too due to lowering of the ground water table and salinity intrusion. The effect of salinity has given rise to increased water borne discuses among the inhabitants of the south western region. 14. Forestry. The Sundarbans, littoral mangrove forest extend about 50 miles north of the Bay of Bengal and is bounded on the east by Baleswar river and on the west by the international boundary with India. With the increase of salinity, Sundari, the main species of Sundarbans started dying and the regeneration at the species also deceased. 15. Agriculture. The damages in the agriculture sector due to reduced dry season flows during the entire past diversion period are manifold and have been qualified for individual causes. Delayed planting of crops by two months due to non-availability of surface water has resulted in considerably reduced field. Increased salinity on the other hand caused serve damage to crops lying in the saline zone. The damage caused in agriculture sector has been estimated to be about Tk. 35,000 million (approx) at 1991 price index. 16. Ecology and Environment. The flora and found of south western Bangladesh have evolved in response to natural conditions to form a climax ecosystem, which is now threatened with degradation from inadequate supply of fresh water. The actions which triggered the degradation process of the total ecosystem of this region can be grouped into two brawl categories : a. Salinity increase in soil and water (surface and ground) from tidal ingress. b. Accelerated situation channels. The ecological changes has taken place significantly in the Sundarbans during the past decade. This is evident from the creation of natural blanks accounting for about 10 percent of the forest area. The damages in different sector during the entire post diversion period (19-6-1992), which could be evaluated in financial terms, shows that the cumulative damage equals to about Tk. 10, 8500 million. Highlights of the Ganges Sharing Treaty December 1996 17. The history of negotiation on Ganges water between India and Bangladesh illustrates a classic upstream vs downstream situation. Bangladesh, proposed conservation of the excess monsoon flow while India hammered on transferring water from Brahmaputra river. So, far each side rejected others proposal. The stalemate resulted from the two sides very different approach to water management. In this instance, Bangladesh. , the downstream riparian, upheld the drainage basin concept and the principle of equitable apportionment proclaimed in the Helsinki Rules adopted by International Law Association in 1966. 18. At this moment the signing of the Ganges water sharing for a long term, heralds a new area in Indo- Bangladesh relationship. The need of the country may be enormous. But this need must also be assessed not on the basis of what was but on what it available to day. For our planning, thus the arithmetic of the treaty will be needed. 19. Arithmetic of the Treaty a. The waters will be shared on 50:50 basis if the availability at Farakka is 70,000 cusecs or less. b. Bangladesh will get 35,000 cusecs and India the balance of flow if the availability at Farakka is between 70 and 75 thousand cusecs, c. In case of availability of 75,000 cusecs or more, India will receive 40,000 cusecs and Bangladesh the rest. d. If the actual availability corresponds average flow of 40 years till 1988, Bangladesh will get 35,000 cusecs water in first and last 10 years of April and 27,633 cusecs from April 11-20. e. If the flow of Farakka falls below 50,000 cusecs in any 10 day of the identified lean period, the two governments will enter into immediate consultations to make adjustments on an emergency basis. f. India shall release down stream of Farakka Barrage, water at a rate not less then 90 percent of Bangladeshi shire until such time as mutually agreed flows are decided upon. Table-I The Treaty at a Glance Availability at |Share of |Share of | |Farakka |India |Bangladesh | |70,000 Cusecs or less |50% |50% | |70,000-75,000 cusecs |Balance of flow |35,000 cusecs | |75,000 cusecs or more |40,000 cusecs |Balance of flow | The table above depicts the main features of the treaty on Ganges Water Sharing. Effects on National Economy 20. General. The rivers of Bangladesh are an indivisible component of life and living of its people. That is why the increasing unilateral withdrawal by India in the upstream of the common flows and her diplomatic activities around them bring to bear certain far reaching adverse consequences on Bangladesh. Within one decade an abrupt change is marked on its physical, features environment, economy and social life of Bangladesh. All these are inter related and Effects on National Economy 20. General. The rivers of Bangladesh are indivisible component of life and living of its people. That is why the increasing unilateral withdrawal by India in the upstream of the common flows and her diplomatic activities around them bring to bear certain far reaching adverse consequences on Bangladesh,. Within one decade an abrupt change is marked on its physical features, natural environment economy and social life of Bangladesh. All these are interrelated and have cumulative and multidimensional impact on the citizen and as a whole on the national economy. Thus the water sharing agreement has opened a new horizon. It will be an important milestone in our development history. 21. Economy. The long drawn combined effect of Farakka Barrage is no grave for Bangladesh that its stability is at risk. Sectors like agriculture, industry, navigation, aqua-water of the northern and southwestern parts has been suffering from serious setbacks. The water that will be available under the treaty will not be enough to meet all the water demand of Bangladesh. Further planning is required to make use to this limited water for our agro-economic development. Cannel digging is an option to get the water to the right places. Stoppage facility for the water is also another requirement. Multipurpose barrage may need to be constructed for making off-season usage of thus limited water. The urge for establishing such barrage was felt. Pre-feasibility study for a barrage on Ganges was done in 1984, but could not be materialised because of the absence to dont finance. Donor countries were not interested, as we were not assured with water supply through any agreement. The present long term historic water treaty will enable us to convince donor countries. Infect World Bank has already agreed to finance Tk. 7,000 crores for the Ganges Barrage. The water sourced from the barrage would also support Ganges Kabadak (G-K) project to restart its function smoothly. More the support on G-K project would bring definite impact on National economy. 22. Environmental. Due to the unilateral and upstream withdrawal of water by India. the impact on environment of overall Bangladesh is very severe and grave. Specially the situation aggravated to the maximum in the last decade. As the last agreement water sharing ran out on 1989, its impact on our agro-based economy is felt in every spheres of life water sharing agreement is not the end of the solution of water crisis that we face each year. With the agreement we will not be able make available all the water that we need. We will have limited water. But the adverse effect on the environment is a long drawn one , so its eradication will also need quite some time even with the required supply of water through the treaty. It might take another decade or more to see the fruit of the treaty on environment. The adverse effect has already made us vulnerable to Green House effect. So the need for thus water at least to maintain the stability of our climate and environment is utmost 23. Socio-Political a. Social Impact. The Ganges play on important role in socio political life of Bangladesh. The fluctuating and decreasing river flow has disrupted the social stability of south-western and north-western regions land degradation have made millions of people unemployed. Growing food deficit increasing unemployment as well as inflation are also associated with the problem. To make the problem worse, alternate floods and droughts frequently make thousands of people homeless. There people migrate to the near by cities and create extra pressure of the scarce job market and help to increase food prices. Because of their social injustice and maltreatment they carry with them a feeling of antagonism against the source of their misfortune. This factor creates social unrest. b. Political Impact The issue has political implication too. Government failure to resolve the problem with India, has always been a matter of public resentment. The politician of Bangladesh , knowing very well the prevalence of this feeling among the general mass tried to capitalize on it. As a result anti-Indianism continued to among the general mass, which instead of solving the problem further complicated it. c. Present Scenario The goodwill and trust that has been created by signing the so year treaty will definitely have positing impact on the socio-political and economic aspect of the affected zone. Which in turn will affect the national economy and social life as a whole. Now the question arises, how long will it take to within such impact? The right to cat the fruit has been agreed upon, now we have to nourish the tree properly to get the desired fruit well in time. So the government must formulate her policy very cautiously, India, will always have upperhand just because of her geographical location. So, we must take care and must not allow our political parties to exploit the situation like earlier days. We must as well maintain diplomatic and goodwill relation with India to resolve other outstanding issues. 24. Bilateral and International Relationship The signing of the Ganges water agreement for a thirty year period is indeed a landmark in the development of relation between Bangladesh and India. Straight forward bilateralism has often failed to help the country in the past, irrespective of whether the leadership in power chose to pursue a policy of delis-create dependence or regional power game in seeking national in interest. Considering all the agreement was a political break through. It was a triumph of great political proportions forages Ministers and forcing office of both countries played a key role for this bilateral agreement. The heads of the government of his states succeeded through this water resources treaty to bring together peoples and institutions of the countries into bilateral concert. This has been a treaty bilaterally equitable to the parties and internationally recognized as such. The treaty has apparently brought in amicable resolution of formerly the most countries issue between Bangladesh and India. This surely the treaty can be taken as a start for the settlement of other bilateral and international issues. We can hope and put our best diplomatic efforts so that this improvement of bilateral ties can lead to the resolution of the border demarcation problem, repatriation of Chittagong Hill Tracts tribal, import of power, transit issue etc. Our politicians should have a firm belief to pursue similar policy to resolve the other outstanding issues. While making such settlements political leads have to put highest priority to National interest sacrificing party interests. Best Utilization of the Water 25. The taste of the pudding is in eating. So, were getting the water is not enough. We have to organize ourselves to maximum the use of water to the best of our advantage and capability. However, the water that will be available under the water treaty and the proposed Brahmaputra water treaty and the treaty for sharing all other common rivers will not be enough to meet the entire needs for irrigation and other water use sectors. This will as will not be enough to maintain the ecology. So, Bangladesh must make all out efforts to make the optional and judicious use of this limited water. There can be many ways and means few of the major one has taken touched upon in this paper. 26. Formulation of National Water Policy. It is already discussed that our country suffers both from tremendous excess of water in one seasons and its acute shortage in another. So, by necessity, it moots have a water policy. Yet the irony is that while we suffer from recurrent flooding and draught, we didnt formulate a water policy for ourselves. Now the questions arises, why a water policy is required ? The answer is very obvious. When we have a resource as important as life giving water, we have to devise ways of using it well. It is not only the surface water that we need to concern ourselves with, but also of ground water and rain water will have to form a part our national water policy. Already the discriminate and unplanned use of our ground water has led to dangerous fall of our water level. We need a water policy to make the best use of this increasingly scarce resource, a resource whose judicious use holds the key to our future development. National Water council should come into effect and review the development and investment plans in water sector. It as well should fix up profile of priority projects to establish or water rights. 27. Barrage Projects on the Ganges. A study on high level water resources clearly indicated that by 2000 AD all surface water projects with the available surface flow will be exhausted and for future development there is no alternative but to go for barrage projects on the Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Ganges Barrage near Pangsha was identified in pre-feasibility study in 1984. With the construction of the barrage with a pond level of 12. 2 m it will be possible to head up the water level in the Ganges. The limited water that will be available under the treaty will enable to maintain the pond level, which will help in providing better support to the entire basis: a. Solution to the Problem of Gorai. In the dry season the low flow of water creates huge silt al the month of Gorai, the distributor of the Ganges. Past experiences show that dredging to keep the mouth open failed. Without flushing of enough sweet water from the Ganges, the salinity in the Khulna area will remain quite high, which compels some of the industrial units to import sweet water by barrage from other sources 30 to 40 miles away. The salinity will continue to move further inland and the condition of Sundarbans will continue to deteriorate creating future ecological imbalance in the region. The barrage will cable to help in diverting gravity flow in the Gorai for flushing in the south-west and to stop ingress of saline water inland. b. Facilitation of the Steady Operation of Ganges-Kobadak (G-K) Irrigation Project. The G-K project was planned with the lift irrigation from the Ganges. The total area of the projects is 1,97,500 hectares of which the net cultivable areas is 1,42,000 hectares. The main objective of the project was to help self-sufficiency in food grains and to improve socio economic condition to the people in the projects area. For normal operation of the projects it requires a water level of 4. 7 m. For the last four years projects remained inoperative due to the scarcity of water. Now if the barrage can be implemented, then the G-K projects will get assured water, and thus the agro-economic, socio-economic and environmental condition in the area will develop. 28. Augmentation through Thana Irrigation Programs. One of the means of utilization of the water is the renewal of the old Thana irrigation Programs. Time has now come to revert back to augmentation of water through enhancing the water carrying capacity of all types of water bodies, building water control structures and preservation of surface water as much as possible for use during the dry season. The Thana Irrigation Program is on immediate answer, and we must step out towards that. 29. Other Irrigation Projects Opportunity provided by the treaty must be utilised to maximize the vise of water for establishment of water rights. Some of the projects identified in the Ganges dependent area can be taken up on a priority basis. The north Rajshahi irrigation project, Baral irrigation project and Pabna irrigation project can be updated for early implementation. South west Regional study has identified a number of project for detailed engineering and implementation. These should be taken up simultaneously. World Bank has already agreed to finance the Ganges Barrage, so finding out other donors for these projects will now totally depend on our efforts and projection of their importance. 30. Other Uses of the Barrage a. Feasibility study for the construction of the barrage on the Ganges provided for supply of irrigation water in the south west of Bangladesh to irrigate an area of 1. 5 Mha, in addition another 0. 21 Mha could be irrigated through ground water and standing water bodies. b. Provision would be made for supply of gas, hydro power and other services over the barrage. c. The hydro power generation would be very cheap. This power supply in the remote areas would definitely encourage the investors to ins ert and establish industries in the remote areas. What the government could not do through the tax-holiday would be automatically done through this power projects. This would definitely provide employment to the locals and thus their economic condition will improve. d. Adequate waters in the canals will facilities the water ways movement. This a communication network will easily connect remote areas to the nearby towns and cities. This will add to their socio-economic development. In addition the water ways movement to the cheapest and creates minimum environmental regards. e. Waters will generate production of agro-based raw materials just at the door step of the industries. This will invite further industrialization in the remote areas. All these will add to our development process in accelerated rate. Effects on regional Relationship 31. For last seven years, India refused to sit for an interim agreement. It was also blinded by an obsessive bilateralism that refused to sec any light of multi literalism and regional involvement in options for augmentation. Indias resistance to a regional approach to the problem despite all technical justification is viewed mainly as a strategy to ensure that Bangladesh is endemically vulnerable politically, economically. socially and environmentally. The long drawn issue of Ganges water dispute has been settled through this treaty. Past experiences are bitter, now we have to wait and see how this treaty stands the test of time. If the efforts are cordial, then definitely this will have positive impact on all other unsolved disputed bilateral issues in the queue. 32. In this stage of globalization, we can hardly take a course that alienates us from the rest of the world. We must make efforts so that the historical facts add political situation cannot do harm to our interest. We hould take step so that the ratification of all treaty is done at the UN General Assembly. Side by side we should also get this ratification done in SAARC, to give the treaty a regional cover. 33. India has shown interest in dif ferent water development projects in Bhutan and Nepal. It implemented this will help in augmenting the flow in Ganges. Bangladesh will have to take initiative for dialog with India, Nepal and Bhutan to revitalize the SAARC spirit for region cooperation for the benefit of all regional countries. 34. Confidence building among the co-basin countries is very much required just to make a beginning. So far SAARC has done little to promote economic cooperation among all regional countries. It may be reformed along the European Economic Community (EEC) line, so that it can herald a new area of development in that whole of South Asia through a real regional cooperation. And we hope this treaty of bilateralism will surely enhance and contribute to such regional relationship. Conclusion 35. It is officially recognized that there are about fifty four common rivers between Bangladesh and India. Among them are the Ganges. Brahmaputras and the Meghna, three major rivers of the world. The Ganges has been flowing through Bangladesh from time immemorial. The leaves and livelihoods of its people, together with flora and fauna, have been conditioned by the waters of this great rivers. Amidst of all facilities the river plays a determining rule in maintaining the ecological balance of the country. But the historical balance has been severely disrupted by substantial unilateral upstream division of Ganges water at Farakka by India. Since the commissioning of the Barrage at Farakka, there have been few short term water sharing agreements. However, the last one ran out in 1989. Since then, in the last decade an abrupt change, due to the scarcity of surface water, is marked on the physical features, natural environment, economy and social life of Bangladesh. 36. The issue of Ganges water sharing was for long a thorny and sure political issue in the relationship between India and Bangladesh. The adverse efforts ware devastating, which merit no compensation. At thus stage, a long term water sharing treaty for a period of treaty years, which was signed on December 12, 1996. is of paramount importance. The water that would be received through the treaty will not be enough to meet our all demands. But it will definitely show down the pace of adverse ecological imbalance. 37. We must find out means to make the optimal use of this limited water for this the foremost requirement is a well thought out National water policy formulation. Some barrages may be constructed to preserve and use this limited water during our need in the dry season. Ganges Barrage near Pangsha, is already under study. The treaty enabled us to get a concert of World Bank finance of Tk. 7,000 corer. This barrage if implemented, will likely to have multidimensional contribution to our economic progress. This will facilities the steady function of the G-K project, removal of silt from the Gorai and thus ensure the functional efficiency of the industries in greater Khulna, save the Sundarbans from salinity etc. In addition this Barrage will definite improve the socio -economic life of the people through generating and providing hydro powers to the area. 38. Till now the treaty has become a landmark in the bilateral relationship between the two countries. It brought in the solution to the most contentions issue. So, we can be optimistic and hope that with our cordial efforts snow of the other issues will meet in equal pace. The potential dispute of other common rivers must not be ignored. Exchange of data on nine rivers have already taken place. These also merit immediate amicable solution. Efforts should be taken to maximize benefits on a basin-wide approach. 39. The past is bitter, now we have to put our best effort and wait and se, how this treaty stands the test of time. Efforts need also to make regional cooperation among the co-basin countries. Bangladesh need to take initiative for dialogues with India, Bhutan and Nepal to deal with the issues on regional basis. This treaty can act as a basic for the development of future regional relationship. It should be in the strategy of Bangladesh to explore the role of SAARC in harnessing the vast water resources of the river system of Himalayan motherhood. Recommendation 40. India and Bangladesh are close door neighbors and much interaction between the two is visible in the political, socio-economic and cultural fields. The treaty on water sharing makes a new era in their relationship. This should act as an example in arriving at amicable solutions to other outstanding bilateral issues. This as well may aid in the growth of regional bondage. Followings are the recommendations in this regards : a. Both countries must adhere to various agreements, negations and resolution of meetings. In the past Indias big brotherly attitude gave us bitter experience. So at the earliest opportunity time Bangladesh should get the Rectification of the treaty through UN General Assembly. b. As the most contentions issue could be settled amicably, so the other bilateral issues need to be brought on the table by Bangladesh for immediate solution. c. India has completed the detailed design and is planning tie take up a projects of another down in Tipaimuk, Monipur Bangladesh must immediately take up steps to jointly examine the impact of Tipaimuk dam. d. The possibility of augmentation from Nepal is enormous. The Kosi high dam is under active consideration of India and Nepal. Bangladesh should take up Kosi dam project with India and Nepal, as a priority for regional cooperation along with other high dams in Nepal. The huge hydropower potentials of the Himalayan rivers, it utilized, surely will bring regional benefit. The mountain sites of Nepal can also generate power to meet the energy needs of the region. The Ganges-Brahmaputra has approximately 10 percent of the worlds total hidel power potential. e. Diplomatic efforts should be made to solve various disputes and issues in a correct way to the neighboring countries. It is to be always remembered that solution cant be achieved by emotions and blaming a powerful neighbor, it is to be solved diplomatically and politically with good gestures in the hope of strength ending bondage of friendship.